Gabriele D'Annunzio - Am I not the precursor of all that is good about Fascism?
- December 26, 2019
Benito Mussolini is the face of Fascism, well known for leading Italy from the early 1920s through the end of WWII. But while Mussolini was still vacillating between Socialism and Conservatism, Gabriele D’Annunzio was leading the right wing revolution that paved the way for the Fascist Movement and the PNF.
“Am I not the precursor of all that is good about Fascism?” Gabriele D’Annunzio wrote in Il Duce in 1932. Not a stretch to believe that D’Annunzio believed he, not Mussolini, should be sitting in the capital at Rome.
Below are some excerpts of a great article by Vanada Wilcox:
Early Career and Literary Production
Gabriele D’Annunzio (1863-1938), born into a wealthy landowning family in central Italy in 1863, was one of fin-de-siècle Italy’s most celebrated writers and public figures. A precocious and good-looking youth, his first poetry was published at just sixteen, and a highly successful, if controversial, career followed. A prolonged affair with Italy’s most famous actress, Eleonora Duse (1858–1924), a propensity for daredevil antics, and a tendency for sartorial and social extravagance led him into both debt and scandal. Elected to the Italian parliament in 1897, he engaged in a brief flirtation with left-wing politics, but soon returned to his natural home on the right, and in 1910 joined the increasingly prominent Italian Nationalist Association.
A highly prolific writer from the 1880s onwards, he produced poetry, novels, novellas, plays, lyric prose and journalism, which showed considerable linguistic and formal innovation, while drawing heavily on international philosophical and literary movements such as the work of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) and the symbolists, as well as classical Greek and medieval Italian sources. His rhetorical skill would later be effectively deployed for political purposes.
D’Annunzio and the War
During the First World War, perception of D’Annunzio in Italy transformed from literary figure into a national war hero. The outbreak of the First World War found D’Annunzio in Paris, from where he seized the opportunity to report on the French front for the Corriere della Sera. His war journalism was accompanied by calls for Italy to intervene alongside the Allies, in keeping with his long-term support for irredentism. Returning to Italy in 1915 to speak at Quarto in celebration of Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882), he embarked on a high-profile campaign of demagogic speeches and pamphleteering in favor of Italian intervention throughout what became known as “Radiant May”, in company with other leading interventionists such as Cesare Battisti (1875–1916).
When war was declared, he quickly volunteered as a fighter pilot, despite his age (fifty-two). In a botched raid over the Dalmatian port of Zara, he was injured and lost his sight in one eye. He saw little real service, spending most of the war writing, romancing, spending and socializing, yet successfully mythologized his military contribution as heroic and daring. His chief claim to this status lay in the dramatic (if militarily insignificant) flight over central Vienna on 9 August 1918 with the 87th Air Squadron, dropping tricolour propaganda leaflets on the enemy capital from just 800 meters.
The Expedition to Fiume and Post-war Politics
With widespread nationalist dissatisfaction in Italy at the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference, D’Annunzio returned to politics in September 1919 with the seizure of the Croatian city of Fiume (Rijeka). Although not included in the terms of the Treaty of London (1915), many irredentists considered the Italian claim to Fiume to be strong. D’Annunzio led a so-called “legion” of several thousand volunteers, including many veterans, to claim the city for Italy, ejecting the inter-Allied occupying force. The Italian state rejected this annexation, despite public enthusiasm at home, and instead blockaded the city in an effort to end his illegal occupation. In September 1920, D’Annunzio proclaimed himself dictator of the proto-fascist “Regency of Carnaro”, governing the area around Fiume. He established Fiume as a strictly fascist state, where a “superior race” ruled with an iron fist over the weak. D’Annunzio wrote:
“Men will be divided into two races. To the superior race, which shall have risen by the pure energy of its will, all shall be permitted; to the lower, nothing or very little. The greatest sum of well-being shall go to the privileged, whose personal nobility will make them worthy of all privileges. The plebeians remain slaves, condemned to suffer, as much in the shadow of ancient feudal towers. They will never feel at their shoulders the sense of liberty.”
For 15 months, the poet and his ragtag group of soldiers held the city as a free state, despite intense pressure from nearly every other state in the world. They ignored multiple treaties to get them to leave peacefully and, in the end, even declared open war on Italy. He was forced by the Italian military to evacuate when the Treaty of Rapallo finally established the city as an independent republic.
D’Annunzio’s Later Years
D’Annunzio was pardoned for his actions and returned to literary activities. He went to live out the remainder of his life in Il Vittoriale, an estate along the Gardone Riviera in Lombardy. There he was given lavish gifts by Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) for his gardens, like a plane and part of a battleship. Generally sympathetic to the fascist regime and its overseas conquests, he nonetheless remained on the margins of political life. For Mussolini, it was more convenient to let D’Annunzio serve as a myth than as a political actor and potential rival, and the poet proved very willing to participate in a process of self-glorification, residing at an enormous self-celebratory monumental villa-complex with mausoleum, Il Vittoriale degli Italiani, until his death in 1938.
Some have called D’Annunzio “The First Mussolini”. His ideas would have a great influence on the dictator of Italy, who partially modeled his own fascist state on D’Annunzio’s charter.
D’Annunzio’s life, in many ways, ended up eclipsing his work. It is in his poetry, though, that we can see a little insight into the man that made such an extravagant show of himself; a eulogy to his own life that might give a little hint into the mind of Gabriele D’Annunzio:
“Everything was dared
And everything attempted.
Ah, why is human power
Not as infinite as desire?”